Abstract Background Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) poses a major threat to both physical and mental health; however, there is still a lack of effective drugs to treat the disease. Recently, novel biological therapies, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their products, namely, exosomes, are showing promising therapeutic potential due to their low immunogenicity, few ethical concerns, and easy accessibility. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of MSC-derived exosomes remain unclear. Results Exosomes derived from MSCs reduced hearing and hair cell loss caused by neomycin-induced damage in models in vivo and in vitro. In addition, MSC-derived exosomes modulated autophagy in hair cells to exert a protective effect. Mechanistically, exogenously administered exosomes were internalized by hair cells and subsequently upregulated endocytic gene expression and endosome formation, ultimately leading to autophagy activation. This increased autophagic activity promoted cell survival, decreased the mitochondrial oxidative stress level and the apoptosis rate in hair cells, and ameliorated neomycin-induced ototoxicity. Conclusions In summary, our findings reveal the otoprotective capacity of exogenous exosome-mediated autophagy activation in hair cells in an endocytosis-dependent manner, suggesting possibilities for deafness treatment. SNHL (SNHL health however disease Recently therapies (MSCs products namely immunogenicity concerns accessibility Nevertheless MSCderived MSC unclear neomycininduced neomycin induced vitro addition effect Mechanistically formation survival ototoxicity summary exosomemediated exosome mediated endocytosisdependent endocytosis dependent manner treatment

RESUMO Introdução Desde que o experimento anaeróbico Wingate foi proposto nos anos 70, ele passou a ser utilizado como um importante método de detecção para avaliar a capacidade esportiva de alta potência dos atletas, o efeito do treinamento e o método de treinamento. Com isso, ele é frequentemente usado para medir e avaliar a capacidade de trabalho anaeróbico do corpo humano. Objetivo Analisar os efeitos do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade sobre a capacidade anaeróbica dos lutadores livres masculinos. Métodos Foram selecionados lutadores profissionais de uma faculdade de esportes, além de 30 estudantes universitários graduados em educação física em uma faculdade de esportes para comparar o teste de potência anaeróbica. Resultados Quando avaliado pelo experimento anaeróbico Wingate, o nível de valor da potência anaeróbica dos efeitos do treinamento é melhor refletido nos primeiros 10 segundos de luta livre do experimento anaeróbico. O Wingate de 30 segundos reflete principalmente o efeito do treinamento de luta livre na potência anaeróbica humana, mas a avaliação da capacidade anaeróbica desde período não foi evidenciada. Conclusão O experimento anaeróbico Wingate é um método importante para avaliar o nível de treinamento da luta livre, podendo ser utilizado como base para avaliar o efeito do treinamento e o nível da luta livre. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction Since the Wingate anaerobic experiment was proposed in the 1970s, it has come to be used as an important detection method to evaluate athletes’ high-power sport capacity, the effect of training, and the training method. Therefore, it is often used to measure and evaluate the anaerobic work capacity of the human body. Objective Analyze the effects of high-intensity interval training on the anaerobic capacity of male wrestlers. Methods Professional wrestlers from a sports college were selected, as well as 30 college students majoring in physical education at a sports college, to compare the anaerobic power test. Results When evaluated by the Wingate anaerobic experiment, the value level of anaerobic power of training effects is best reflected in the first 10 s of the wrestling anaerobic experiment. The 30 s Wingate mainly reflects the effect of wrestling training on human anaerobic power, but the evaluation of anaerobic capacity from this period was not evidenced. Conclusion The Wingate anaerobic experiment is an important method for evaluating the level of wrestling training and can be used as a basis for evaluating the effect of training and the level of wrestling. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMEN Introducción Desde que se propuso el experimento anaeróbico de Wingate en los años 70, comenzó a utilizarse como un importante método de detección para evaluar la capacidad deportiva de alta potencia de los atletas, el efecto del entrenamiento y el método de entrenamiento. Por ello, se utiliza con frecuencia para medir y evaluar la capacidad de trabajo anaeróbico del cuerpo humano. Objetivo Analizar los efectos del entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad sobre la capacidad anaeróbica de los luchadores masculinos. Métodos Se seleccionaron luchadores profesionales de una escuela de deportes, además de 30 estudiantes universitarios graduados en educación física en una escuela de deportes para comparar la prueba de potencia anaeróbica. Resultados Cuando se evalúa mediante el experimento anaeróbico de Wingate, el nivel de valor de la potencia anaeróbica de los efectos del entrenamiento se refleja mejor en los primeros 10 segundos del experimento anaeróbico de lucha. El Wingate de 30 segundos refleja principalmente el efecto del entrenamiento de lucha en la potencia anaeróbica humana, pero no se evidenció la evaluación de la capacidad anaeróbica a partir de este periodo. Conclusión El experimento anaeróbico de Wingate es un método importante para evaluar el nivel de entrenamiento de lucha, y puede utilizarse como base para evaluar el efecto del entrenamiento y el nivel de lucha. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução: A arte marcial chinesa tem uma ampla e profunda história, e seus passes de rotina são uma apresentação artística em particular. Nas exibições, a coreografia com saltos é bastante apreciada. Empiricamente, acredita-se que o fortalecimento adicional de membros inferiores possa promover melhores resultados nas apresentações, porém não há relatos na literatura científica sobre tal afirmação. Objetivo: Verificar as consequências do treinamento de força nos membros inferiores sobre a capacidade de salto em atletas de artes marciais. Métodos: 30 atletas de primeira e segunda linha da equipe profissional feminina do Wushu Sports Management Center e do Sports Bureau foram selecionadas como voluntárias para a pesquisa experimental. O experimento teve duração de três meses. Foram detalhadas as características do desenvolvimento e alteração da força de cada grupo muscular na articulação do joelho do membro inferior das atletas durante o treino experimental, e foram encontrados os meios comumente utilizados de treino de força dos membros inferiores. Resultados: No treino de força, os melhores meios encontrados foram saltar passos e alterar rapidamente de direção. O coeficiente de correlação entre salto e força foi de 0,75. Conclusão: Após o experimento, o torque máximo e a potência média dos grupos musculares do joelho dos membros inferiores dos três grupos experimentais aumentaram em diferentes faixas, o que mostra que a qualidade de força da articulação do joelho das atletas aumentou durante o treino sugerido. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chinese martial art has a wide and deep history, and its routine passes are a particular artistic presentation. In exhibitions, choreography with jumping is highly appreciated. Empirically, it is believed that additional strengthening of the lower limbs may promote better results in the performances, but there are no reports in the scientific literature about such a statement. Objective: Verify the consequences of lower limb strength training on jumping ability in martial arts athletes. Methods: 30 first and second tier athletes from the professional women’s team of the Wushu Sports Management Center and Sports Bureau were selected as volunteers for the experimental research. The experiment lasted for three months. The characteristics of the development and change of strength of each muscle group in the knee joint of the athletes’ lower limb during the experimental training were detailed, and the commonly used means of lower limb strength training were found. Results: In strength training, the best means found were skipping steps and rapidly changing direction. The correlation coefficient between jumping and strength was 0.75. Conclusion: After the experiment, the maximum torque and the average power of the lower limb knee muscle groups of the three experimental groups increased in different ranges, which shows that the strength quality of the knee joint of the athletes increased during the suggested training. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMEN Introducción: El arte marcial chino tiene una amplia y profunda historia, y sus pases de rutina son una presentación artística particular. En las exhibiciones, la coreografía con saltos es muy apreciada. Empíricamente, se cree que el fortalecimiento adicional de los miembros inferiores puede promover mejores resultados en las actuaciones, pero no hay informes en la literatura científica sobre tal afirmación. Objetivo: Verificar las consecuencias del entrenamiento de la fuerza de los miembros inferiores sobre la capacidad de salto en atletas de artes marciales. Métodos: 30 atletas de primera y segunda línea del equipo profesional femenino del Centro de Gestión Deportiva de Wushu y de la Oficina de Deportes fueron seleccionados como voluntarios para la investigación experimental. El experimento duró tres meses. Se detallaron las características del desarrollo y el cambio de la fuerza de cada grupo muscular en la articulación de la rodilla de la extremidad inferior de los atletas durante el entrenamiento experimental, y se encontraron los medios utilizados habitualmente para el entrenamiento de la fuerza de la extremidad inferior. Resultados: En el entrenamiento de fuerza, los mejores medios encontrados fueron saltar pasos y cambiar rápidamente de dirección. El coeficiente de correlación entre los saltos y la fuerza fue de 0,75. Conclusión: Tras el experimento, el par máximo y la potencia media de los grupos musculares de la rodilla de los miembros inferiores de los tres grupos experimentales aumentaron en diferentes rangos, lo que demuestra que la calidad de la fuerza de la articulación de la rodilla de los atletas aumentó durante el entrenamiento propuesto. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the suboptimal health status or subhealth status and their relationship with mental health and smartphone addiction among Chinese medical students. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at Wannan Medical College of China in Wuhu. RESULTS: A total of 2,741 students were surveyed in October 2020. Of 2,741 Chinese medical students who completed the survey, 904 (33%) participants reported to have had subhealth status. Anxiety status (p<0.001), depression status (p<0.001), and smartphone addiction status (p<0.001) have strong association with subhealth status. CONCLUSION: This survey shows that the detection rate of subhealth status in Chinese medical students was 33%. Anxiety, depression, and smartphone addiction students had a higher detection rate of subhealth status. The anxiety, depression, and smartphone addiction of Chinese medical students are associated with subhealth status.

Abstract Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the incidence and risk of knee and hip replacement in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) treated with different medications. Methods: OVID MEDLINE, OVID EMBASE, Cochrane and Web of Science electronic databases were searched from inception to May 4th, 2022. Clinical trials, including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies and case–control studies, were selected. The meta-analysis effect size was estimated using either incidence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) or odds ratio (OR)/relative risk (RR) with 95% CIs. The risk of bias and heterogeneity among studies were assessed and analyzed. Results: Forty studies were included, involving 6,041,254 participants. The incidence of joint replacement in patients with OA varied according to the study design and treatments. The incidence of knee arthroplasty varied from 0 to 70.88%, while the incidence of hip arthroplasty varied from 11.71 to 96.43%. Compared to non-users, bisphosphonate users had a reduced risk of knee replacement (RR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.66–0.77; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.70–0.83). Compared to intra-articular corticosteroid users, hyaluronic acid (HA) users had a higher risk of knee arthroplasty (RR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.38–2.25). No publication bias was observed. Conclusion: Bisphosphonate treatment is associated with a reduced risk of knee replacement. More studies are needed to validate our results due to the limited number of eligible studies and high heterogeneity among studies.

Abstract The research constructs a novel structure by integrating two parts of online object detection pipelines into the current state-of-the-art Mask R-CNN algorithm to improve the detection performance. The DJI Mavic Air drone is used to collect low-altitude sensing images of strawberry plant canopies. The data augmentation method is employed to feed more instances into the original image dataset to boost the generalization and robustness of the detection model in the training procedure. A ResNet50 backbone combined with a feature pyramid network is presented to extract the features of strawberry plant canopies. The online hard example mining algorithm is introduced to mine hard samples to learn rich features and update model weights. Soft non-maximum suppression based on recursive application on the remaining detection boxes within the predefined overlap threshold is proposed to improve the performance of identifying the large complex overlapping area of strawberry plant canopies. The qualitative results demonstrate that the improved detection model had an AP50 of 96.9 and an AR of 78.5 on the test set, which are approximately 30% higher than the original values.

Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is known to provide neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury (CIRI), but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. This study was conducted to investigate whether DEX pretreatment conferred neuroprotection against CIRI by inhibiting neuroinflammation through the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed to establish a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model. Specific-pathogen-free male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into Sham, I/R, DEX, DEX+IL-6, and AG490 (a selective inhibitor of JAK2) groups. The Longa score, TTC staining, and HE staining were used to evaluate brain damage. ELISA was used to exam levels of TNF-α. Western blotting was used to assess the levels of JAK2, phosphorylated-JAK2 (p-JAK2), STAT3, and phosphorylated-STAT3 (p-STAT3). Our results suggested that both pretreatment with DEX and AG490 decreased the Longa score and cerebral infarct areas following cerebral I/R. After treatment with IL-6, the effects of DEX on abrogating these pathological changes were reduced. HE staining revealed that I/R-induced neuronal pathological changes were attenuated by DEX application, consistent with the AG490 group. However, these effects of DEX were abolished by IL-6. Furthermore, TNF-α levels were significantly increased in the I/R group, accompanied by an increase in the levels of the p-JAK2 and p-STAT3. DEX and AG490 pretreatment down-regulated the expressions of TNF-α, p-JAK2, and p-STAT3. In contrast, the down-regulation of TNF-α, p-JAK2, and p-STAT3 induced by DEX was reversed by IL-6. Collectively, our results indicated that DEX pretreatment conferred neuroprotection against CIRI by inhibiting neuroinflammation via negatively regulating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the attitudes of Chinese residents toward COVID-19 vaccines and explore the potential drivers for Chinese residents' vaccine hesitancy. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from February 16 to March 16, 2021, by administering an online questionnaire to the Chinese residents. RESULTS: Of 5240 residents who completed the survey, 464 (8.9%) participants reported to have had one shot, and 348 (6.6%) reported to have had 2 shots. At the time the questionnaire was administered, 2298 (43.9%) participants reported they wanted to get vaccinated, while 2255 (43.0%) declared that they still did not know, and 687 (13.1%) respondents declared vaccine refusal. Overall, 2255 (43%) participants were categorized as vaccine hesitancy. Female participants (p=0.000), <20 years old (p=0.000), have low risk of COVID-19 (p=0.000) infection and strong associations of vaccine hesitancy. eHealth literacy was a protective factor. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show high rates of vaccine hesitancy in China. This could pose a serious threat to the preventive measures that aimed at controlling COVID-19 spread in the country. The government and different media platforms should encourage the dissemination of correct information about vaccines, the communities and medical staff to improve residents' knowledge about vaccines, and strive to improve residents' electronic health literacy.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study analyzes the suboptimal health status (SHS) and influencing factors of nurses in Wuhan Hospital, China during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. METHODS: This study was conducted through an online survey, from March 1–7, 2020, in Wuhan, China. The data collection tools, such as Suboptimal Health Status Questionnaires, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Scale, were used. RESULTS: The average value of suboptimal health status was 28.44 (standard deviation=15.15). The overall prevalence of SHS was 35.1%. Suboptimal health status of the nurses was significantly different based on their gender, age, whether they directly care for COVID-19 patients, anxiety level, and stress perception expect education. Multivariate analysis found that average sleep times per day, female, age, directly participate in the rescue of COVID-19, self-infection, and anxiety were the influencing factors of suboptimal health status. CONCLUSIONS: First-line nurses have poor suboptimal health status in Wuhan.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Recent mutation analysis identified several missense mutations in CARD14 in psoriasis. OBJECTIVES: We performed the genomic sequence analysis on CARD14 in southern Chinese Han Cantonese with Psoriasis Vulgaris (PsV) to reveal more causative missense mutations. METHODS: A total of 131 patients with PsV and 207 matched controls were included. We conducted sequence analysis of all the exon and exon-intron boundaries of CARD14 in the group of PsV patients and subsequent case control analysis of potential sequence variants of significance. RESULTS: We found five rare mutations and four of them are annotated or reported. Only the variant (c.1291C>G) has not been reported and annotated, but the variant was also found in controls. No significant difference was detected among all rare variant allele frequencies of patients and controls. CONCLUSION: None of the new definite variants were pathogenic. The other pathogenic mutations for PsV are still elusive in our cohort.

Research on molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis plays an important role in diagnosing and treating gastric cancer. Metabolic profiling may offer the opportunity to understand the molecular mechanism of carcinogenesis and help to non-invasively identify the potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of human gastric cancer. The aims of this study were to explore the underlying metabolic mechanisms of gastric cancer and to identify biomarkers associated with morbidity. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to analyze the serum metabolites of 30 Chinese gastric cancer patients and 30 healthy controls. Diagnostic models for gastric cancer were constructed using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Acquired metabolomic data were analyzed by the nonparametric Wilcoxon test to find serum metabolic biomarkers for gastric cancer. The OPLS-DA model showed adequate discrimination between cancer and non-cancer cohorts while the model failed to discriminate different pathological stages (I-IV) of gastric cancer patients. A total of 44 endogenous metabolites such as amino acids, organic acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and steroids were detected, of which 18 differential metabolites were identified with significant differences. A total of 13 variables were obtained for their greatest contribution in the discriminating OPLS-DA model [variable importance in the projection (VIP) value >1.0], among which 11 metabolites were identified using both VIP values (VIP >1) and the Wilcoxon test. These metabolites potentially revealed perturbations of glycolysis and of amino acid, fatty acid, cholesterol, and nucleotide metabolism of gastric cancer patients. These results suggest that gastric cancer serum metabolic profiling has great potential in detecting this disease and helping to understand its metabolic mechanisms.